Specal Ed Observation Essays - Segregation, Disability,

Specal Ed Observation Special Education Visitation For my visitation I went to the public high school in my hometown of Vineland, NJ. Due to time constraints I was not able to visit the school on a weekday when classes were in session. I did however get to witness another part of the special education/inclusion program called the Rooster Buddies. I did, however, get some information on the special education program from an administrator via phone and fax. The special education program at Vineland High School (VHS) is only seven years old. VHS is on a seven-period day, and the Severely Handicapped (SH), Special Day Class (SDC), and Resource Special Program (RSP) teachers are only assigned students two or three periods. The majority of students are only enrolled in a Special Education class one or two periods, depending upon their individual need. The breakdown of each individual section of the special education program at VHS looks like this: SH 10 Students 1 Teacher 1 Aide SDC 30 Students 2 Teachers 2 Aides RSP 50 Students 2 Teachers 1 Aide The administrator that I spoke to wrote in a fax the Special Education classes are transitioning into study skills classes so the teacher can provide additional help and support for the student to succeed in the regular class environment. During the four or five periods, when the teachers and instructional aides do not have students assigned to them, they are providing support for their students in the regular education classroom. The level of support is directly related to two factors: 1) What the student needs to be successful. 2) What the teacher needs to help the student succeed. So the support provided by the teacher may be provided daily in the regular education classroom, in the form of helping the student take notes, monitoring behavior, doing a lab activity, etc. The support may also take the form of weekly program checks with the regular education teacher, modifying and/or adopting curriculum, or teachers meeting informally to talk. As I mentioned before, I didn't get to actually sit in on a class but the weekend that I was home the Rooster Buddies were holding a fund-raiser. At the annual City Series basketball game between my alma-mater Sacred Heart and VHS the Rooster Buddies were selling an assortment of baked goods. The Rooster Buddies is a student club that was started with the intent of helping students with severe disabilities make the adjustment from a self contained classroom in a county special education school to the relatively unstructured experience of a large high school. VHS has over 4,000 students. There are more than 75 non-handicapped students in the club and they work with over 30 students who have disabilities ranging from severe physical handicaps to students with learning disabilities. At the game there were about 15 students without obvious handicaps and 4 students with visible physical handicaps. Since I was not with the administrator at the game I was unable to determine just how many of the seemingly normal students were non-handicapped. From what I saw, the students seemed to work well with each other and actually they were pretty efficient. At halftime they were really swamped by fans and they worked well. The physically handicapped students weren't just ornaments. They actively participated, as much as they could. One of the students, Alex I'll call him, was apparently paralyzed from the waist down. He had full use of his upper body and was one of two kids taking money. Another student in a wheelchair, who appeared to be afflicted with a more serious handicap (perhaps a form of cerebral palsy) was using the tray on his chair as a table displaying various cookies. The purpose of the bake sale was to raise money for a trip to a local amusement park. I thought that this was a good way to entice non-handicapped students to participate in the program. Another thing that I noticed that I found encouraging was the fact that the students with handicaps were into the game, as fans. Up until about two minutes before halftime and then again two minutes into the third quarter the physically handicapped students found their way out into the gym and watched the game from right near the student section. They were cheering just

A transcendentalist

A transcendentalist is a person who believes people should learns things for themselves rather than just accept things the way they are. Mark Twain is known for his transcendentalist perspective, and it shows through in the character, Huckleberry Finn. The conflict between society and the individual is a theme portrayed throughout Mark Twain's novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck was not raised in accord with the accepted ways of civilization. He practically raises himself, relying on instinct to guide him through life. As portrayed several times in the novel, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right, but he does not realize that his own instincts are more morally correct than those of society.When Huck crosses paths with Jim, he sees him as an equal; I was ever so glad to see Jim. I warnt lonesome now. Being this concerned for a slave was a shunned idea and it took a lot of intelligence and free-thinking to accept a nigger as an equal. Though today, equal rights seems like a simple concept, Hucks society told him that whites were superior and to free a slave is theft. Huck struggles with societys morals when his God-given instincts provide the better guidance. Huck writes a letter to Miss Watson to return Jim, but he ends up ripping the letter and decides to free Jim. All right, then, I'll go to hell and he tore it up. Here, we see society has tainted Hucks conscience so that he believe he will go to hell for freeing a slave.Though society does have some influence on him, its minimal compared to that of the average guy in the south in the 1870s. From the very beginning of Huck's story, Huck clearly states that he did not want to conform to society; The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me... I got into my old rags and my sugar hogshead again, and was free and satisfied.

Alcohol Is the Worst Drug in the United States

A 2010 study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs ranked alcohol as â€Å"most harmful† drug on a list of 20 drugs. Alcohol ranked higher than crack and heroin when the potential harm to individuals and others was examined. Alcohol causes physical, psychological and social problems. Alcohol is a depressant that affects every part of the human body. Alcohol affects the part of the brain that controls coordination, memory, judgment and decision-making. Each year, more than 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from underage drinking. Another 1,900 die from car accidents. And still more people die from alcohol-related homicides, suicides and other alcohol-induced accidents. Alcohol costs the U. S. over 184. 6 billion dollars in 1998, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. This cost was more than the estimated cost of all other illegal substances put together-$143. billion-during 1998. Although alcohol has been dubbed the most harmful drug, it is not the drug that does the most harm to an individual. In fact, alcohol earned this dubious honor because of the effect that alcohol has on the people around the alcoholic. Herion, crack cocain and metamfetamine are much more harmful to a person’s body than alcohol is. In a later study in the British Medical Journal, alcohol was found to be the fourth most dangerous drug after heroin, crack and crystal meth. This same study deemed alcohol to be the second most dangerous drug to society. Some people say that alcohol should be banned. Despite the overwhelming evidence that alchol is very bad for indivduals and their loved ones, alcohol remains legal in the U. S. During the 1920’s the US banned alcohol during a time called Prohibition. This policy is considered to have been a failure because it lead to more organized crime, increased alcoholics and negatively impacted the economy. Alcohol continues to be advertised on television and radio, apparently enticing people to continue to buy and drink alchol. Alcohol will always be legal. Alcohol is a big part of our American culture. It is embraced and celebrated by people of all ages every day. Our country is not prepared to make the consumption of alcohol illegal. Doing so would clog the court systems, lead to corruption of officials and cripple the U. S. econmy due to the lost tax money generated by the sale of alcohol. People do need to be educated on the dangers of alcohol so each person can make the best decision for themselves and their family, which would be to avoid alcohol alcohol all together. References Alaraki, M. (2010). Alcohol is society’s most dangerous drug. Retrieved from http://www. dailyfinance. om/2010/11/01/alcohol-is-societys-most-dangerous-drug/ Nutt, D. J. , (2010). Drugs harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet 376(9752), 1558-1565. Doi: 10. 1016/50140-6736(10)61462-6 Grohol, J. M. (2010). Alcohol the Most Dangerous Drug? Probably not. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2010/11/01/alcohol-the-most-dangerous-drug-probably-not/ Neurobonnkers . (2012). The largest ever study in to drug harms places alcohol in the top four. Retrieved from http://neurobonkers. com/2012/08/06/the-largest-ever-study-in-to-drug-harms-places-alcohol-in-the-top-four/ Alcohol Is the Worst Drug in the United States A 2010 study by the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs ranked alcohol as â€Å"most harmful† drug on a list of 20 drugs. Alcohol ranked higher than crack and heroin when the potential harm to individuals and others was examined. Alcohol causes physical, psychological and social problems. Alcohol is a depressant that affects every part of the human body. Alcohol affects the part of the brain that controls coordination, memory, judgment and decision-making. Each year, more than 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from underage drinking. Another 1,900 die from car accidents. And still more people die from alcohol-related homicides, suicides and other alcohol-induced accidents. Alcohol costs the U. S. over 184. 6 billion dollars in 1998, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. This cost was more than the estimated cost of all other illegal substances put together-$143. billion-during 1998. Although alcohol has been dubbed the most harmful drug, it is not the drug that does the most harm to an individual. In fact, alcohol earned this dubious honor because of the effect that alcohol has on the people around the alcoholic. Herion, crack cocain and metamfetamine are much more harmful to a person’s body than alcohol is. In a later study in the British Medical Journal, alcohol was found to be the fourth most dangerous drug after heroin, crack and crystal meth. This same study deemed alcohol to be the second most dangerous drug to society. Some people say that alcohol should be banned. Despite the overwhelming evidence that alchol is very bad for indivduals and their loved ones, alcohol remains legal in the U. S. During the 1920’s the US banned alcohol during a time called Prohibition. This policy is considered to have been a failure because it lead to more organized crime, increased alcoholics and negatively impacted the economy. Alcohol continues to be advertised on television and radio, apparently enticing people to continue to buy and drink alchol. Alcohol will always be legal. Alcohol is a big part of our American culture. It is embraced and celebrated by people of all ages every day. Our country is not prepared to make the consumption of alcohol illegal. Doing so would clog the court systems, lead to corruption of officials and cripple the U. S. econmy due to the lost tax money generated by the sale of alcohol. People do need to be educated on the dangers of alcohol so each person can make the best decision for themselves and their family, which would be to avoid alcohol alcohol all together. References Alaraki, M. (2010). Alcohol is society’s most dangerous drug. Retrieved from http://www. dailyfinance. om/2010/11/01/alcohol-is-societys-most-dangerous-drug/ Nutt, D. J. , (2010). Drugs harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet 376(9752), 1558-1565. Doi: 10. 1016/50140-6736(10)61462-6 Grohol, J. M. (2010). Alcohol the Most Dangerous Drug? Probably not. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2010/11/01/alcohol-the-most-dangerous-drug-probably-not/ Neurobonnkers . (2012). The largest ever study in to drug harms places alcohol in the top four. Retrieved from http://neurobonkers. com/2012/08/06/the-largest-ever-study-in-to-drug-harms-places-alcohol-in-the-top-four/

One page commentary on a poem by Pablo Neruda Essay

One page commentary on a poem by Pablo Neruda - Essay Example ld view and into their daily lives, the author makes the comparison that regardless of what approach or what particular viewpoint the individual has, they will all arrive at â€Å"rivers end† together. This type of analogy helps the reader to understand that no matter the different world view espoused by the person in question, the fact of the matter is that regardless of viewpoint espoused or particular means of knowledge acquisition, we all have to share the same planet and death ultimate takes us all (Neruda 1). Such an understanding is of course not terribly deep in and of itself; however, the fact of the matter that the writer of the poem is attempting to grip the reader with is that the great diversity of thought, understanding, and worldview that exists currently should not be seen as a point of division among the many people groups, tribes, ethnicities or political parties of the world but rather as an identification of a type of oneness that exists under the

Campaign rhetoric Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Campaign rhetoric - Coursework Example It cuts across various age brackets but the young generation is at greater risk of extinction from the vice. The private-public partnership has innovated various ways of sensitizing the society against the problem. In the poster below, the timeline of a smoker is measured against the length of time one smoked. In essence, the poster offers an intriguing scenario where victims of smoke apparently reduce their life span by estimated 14 minutes for every cigarette stick. This poster is relevant in the college set up where it serves to address the rising trend of young people smoking. Besides, the female victims face even a greater risk due to their reproductive role. The mode of presentation of this message constitute visual picture and text message which seek to assert the health related risk of continuous smoking. The campaign offers an insight into the relevance of rhetoric tools when it comes to creation of posters. Media always applies such techniques to enhance the conveyance of the message and yield significant response. (http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/20170961/disp/df7b4174062b5f5a9b4ff91e6d84ad05.jpg&imgrefurl=https://www.behance.net/gallery/2679779/Anti-Smoking-Campaign&h=400&w=600&tbnid=H5OXbx8KHqOIVM:&zoom=1&docid=_s6R0tGQjuQxaM&ei=Lbu9VKyEJ8HR7Qb5-YAo&tbm=isch&ved=0CDkQMygCMAI) The poster has a wide scope of rhetoric elements. In the first instance, the picture of a smoke makes it obvious that the problem under consideration is cigarette smoking. The measurement labeled against the sides of the cigarette conveys a message of how smoking gradually reduces the life of the victim. Basically the communicator is an expert in all facts surrounding smoking in the society. The audience targeted in this poster is the young people who still have more years of productivity if only they can shun smoking. The target audience is clearly evident in the message that accompanies the

Paradise Lost by John Milton Essay Example for Free

Paradise Lost by John Milton Essay 1 Language has the ability to make sin look attractive Tis Pity was published by John Ford in 1633 and is set in Italy, the heart of the Renassiance. John Milton published Paradise Lost in 1667, relatively soon after John Ford, and was the first epic poem to be written in blank verse. Both writers push the boundaries of literature by exploring untouched, taboo subjects: incest and The Fall of Man. During this period of time, soon after the Renassiance period, many artists and writers were challenging society by introducing a range of different styles and genres. This meant that Ford and Milton both intended to tempt controversy through their pieces of literature; yet, the seductive choice of language has instead caused an attractiveness to both texts. It is this attraction to the language, and utter skill behind these writers intentions, that has enabled both texts to withstand the test of time. In Book Nine of Paradise Lost, Milton begins to introduce Satan as the Serpent; however, he manages to draw the audience away from Satans intentions by presenting his physical beauty. As the Serpent Addressed his way towards Eve, with the desire to cause corruption, he moves not with intended wave. Instead, he towers fould above fould a surging Maze, with the colours of Verdant Gold. By giving the Serpent distinct characteristics, he is separating him from the other creatures in the Garden of Eden, therefore drawing Eves attention to his uniqueness. The repetition of fould above fould gives the sense of an illusion, something which Eves eyesight is unable to comprehend; which is then reinforced by surging Maze, giving this illusion speed and power, causing a greater confusion on Eves behalf. The vivid description of verdant Gold gives the Serpent a very rich colouring, thus reiterating his importance in the Garden. When Satan finally decides to confront Eve, he becomes erect, giving himself a sense of empowerment. This is when Miltons narration confirms the beauty of his language, as he mentions how pleasing was his shape / and lovely. For an audience, this outsid e interpretation almost gives a sense of comfort, as they too are lost in his physical beauty. Finally, as the Serpent begins to speak, his ability to compliment and seduce enables him to make his way into the heart of Eve. There are clear similarites between Satan in Paradise Lost and Vasques in Tis Pity: both have a masterful use of rhetoric. As Vasque attempts to gather information from Putana, he mentions how her by proving themselves  to be devoted to these women, they are appealing to their naivity and giving a false sense of trust. Their seductive use of language causes them to become impassioned, as they begin to realise their ability to attract these women. The absence and withdrawal of language in both texts is equally as attractive to an audience. In Paradise Lost Book Nine, the pivotal point when Eve eats the Forbidden Fruit is simply expressed in four words, she plucked, she eat. The use of these monosyllables reinforces how emphasis can be achieved through simplicity. Extending on this further, Miltons constant elaboration and care to detail is deliberately dismissed here to send an even greater message to his audience: mankind cannot blame Eve for causing the Fall as she simply ate the fruit. By refusing to focus on Eves decision to eat the Fruit, he is daringly challenging conventional views that women are the only cause of sin. John Ford in Tis Pity has a similar intention through his portrayal of Hippolyta; her refusal to be silenced goes against the view of womens inferiority. This is achieved in Act Two Scene two, as she powerfully enters with Tis I;. These two words are separate from the rest of her speech in order to hold suspense and give her a greater presence on stage. Fords intention is for the audience to immediately be drawn to her in preparation for her criticism towards Soranzo. As both Ford and Milton are so skilled in writing attractively and deliberately trying to engage an audience, it is even more effective when they suddenly withdraw; the audience become responsible in using their own imagination, in attempt to understand the message these writers intend to express. In Tis Pity, the most effective use of language is through convincing an audience that Giovanni and Annabella have a natural, loving relationship. In Act One Scene Two, when Giovanni admits his love for Annabella and she responds evenly, he ends the scene with After so many tears as we have wept, lets learn to court in smiles, to kiss and sleep. Finally Giovanni is no longer impassioned, I have too long suppressed the hidden flames, and is instead able to appreciate the natural rawness of their love. Not only that, but by referring to their ability to weep, smile, kiss and sleep, he is expressing emotions which audiences are able to relate to; proving that their relationship isnt as unnatural as first assumed. During this particular moment, the audience become so engaged in the text that they forget about the theme of incest and instead support the  purity of their relationship. John Miltons depiction of Satan creates a similar sense of curiosity into the ability to sympathise with him. This is highlighted when he observes Eve for the first time and becomes of enmitie disarmd/ of guile, of hate, of envie, of revenge. The repetition of guile, hate, envie, revenge proves how Satan is gradually striped of his emotions associated with evil, and is instead left vulnerable through his admiration. The power of Eves beauty forces him to become abstracted from his own evil, thus demonstrating the ability to respond humanely. During this moment, Milton is allowing the audience the opportunity to make their own viewpoint of Satan; isolated from the conventional, one-dimensial presentation of him. The beauty of both texts is not caused by convincing the audience that sin is attractive, but instead pushing them into sympathising, admiring and simply enjoying pieces of literature beyond expectation.

Sex Equality Essay -- Gender Roles, Sex Discrimination, Title IX

Sex Equality Title IX is a sex discrimination issue that was brought up in 1972. Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in school programs and school activities (source 1). Title IX includes all high schools, colleges, and universities. Since 1972, Title IX, has made a big difference in academics, athletics, and employment oppurtunities for girls and women. A guiding principal in America states that equal opportunity is not rhetoric (source 1). The most drastic progress from the Title IX issue is in interscholastic and intercollegiate athletics. Although sex discrimination continues to be noticed in education and athletic programs (source 1). Title IX’s implementing regulations have exact provisions dealing with athletic programs and all scholarships. Title IX provides, to the people, the circumstances that if an institution operates or sponsors any athletic programs, they must provide equal athletic oppurtunities for both sexes. The Office for Civil Rights is to consider whether an institution is correctly issuing the athletic interest and abilities of students of both sexes (source 1). Women now make up the majority of the students in America’s colleges and universities, along with the majority of recipients of master’s degrees (source 2). Regardless, colleges and universities still give lower amounts of treatment to women’s athletics while spending a large chunk of the money on men’s athletics. Title IX became part of the amendments of education on June twenty-third, 1972. â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational programs or acticity receiving federal financial assistanc... ...that receive federal education money (source 5). The 2005 rule allowed schools to meet the requirements of the third prong by using an e-mailed survey to female students. This survey would be able to ask students about their athletic interests (source 5). Title IX increased the amount of women that participate in college sports (source 4). The number has more than quintupled (30,000 to 186,000) since 1972. Coaches have used many ways to inflate the number of women on athletic teams. They have been trying this because the higher the number of women in college sports, the more positions can be added to men’s sports teams (source 4). It seems evident that limiting the number of women and girls is also limiting the nation as a whole (source 2). This limitation keeps females from realizing their full potential. It just gives males free reins over the world (source 2).

“Living With Music” by Ralph Ellison Essay

In this essay, Living With Music, Ralph Ellison speaks of the importance of music in a person’s life. He presents the contributions that it offers, such as giving people understanding, order, and meaning, while it also helps us shape our own unique social and cultural identity. Firstly, Ellison describes his first experiences with music. During his childhood years, he played a brass horn. He remembers how his music teacher and tradition says to play what he heard and felt around him, but like most music teachers do, they stress the importance of playing what a person is supposed to hear and feel, making music so unenthusiastic. He recalls of the deafening and shrieking noises he made, instead of playing a smooth flow of notes. Like most kids, he eventually gave up on playing the instrument, for he found it dead and a bore. It was later on in his life that he met up with music again. He had a neighbor that lived on top of his apartment. Her notes, apparently, were off, and sometimes she would shriek. To get back at her, he bought a speaker system, which he used to drown and to contradict her â€Å"music.† Only when he moved away to a new apartment was when he realized that he missed the music that he heard. Ralph Ellison apprehended the power of music. He realized that music can is a constant reminder of your past and of whom you were, while it reminds us of our aspirations. At the same time, it is an escape. It helps to drown the troubles in life, as he did to drown the horrible notes that his neighbor sung. Music will not only calm when one is troubled, it will resurrect and liven him.

Tell About the Time When You Gained Something Precious

It was cold that October morning in Elizabeth City, NC. I hardly slept at all the night before and 4a. m. had come very early. It didn’t matter; I had to be at the hospital at 6a. m. It was finally time for the world to meet baby Valarey and for baby Valarey to meet the world. It was time, time to have my precious baby. By 7a. m. I was hooked up to my IV. By 9a. m. the nurses had me hooked up to a fetal monitor that monitored my baby and my contractions. I was now stuck in this not so comfortable bed until after my baby was born. My labor had started on its own but my doctor decided to start a Pitocin drip to induce my labor and make it go a little faster. It was now 4p. m. and was time for the epidural. My husband almost passed out after watching the elongated needle go into the small of my back! It took everything in me to whisper â€Å"Something’s wrong† to the nurse. Everything went dark and I could hear a beeping noise that sounded like it was fading in the distance. I was dying, slowly slipping away from this world. When I finally regained consciousness I looked at my husband in dismay. The look on his face was complete trepidation. He told me that my blood pressure had plummeted and they had almost lost me. The nurse asked me how I was feeling and I told her I was ok. It seemed like I had been out for a very long time but my husband said it was only seconds. He said that the nurse had to inject me with some emergency medication to bring my blood pressure back to normal. It was now about 9p. m. and the nurse told me it was time to have my baby. It was pushing time! You could see the excitement is my husband’s face. I was just as excited! We were about to meet our second baby. To finally see what she looked like, to hear the sounds of here cries and to feel her soft skin. The pushing began but the doctor was not in the room yet. My knees were up to my ears and my chin was on my chest as I pushed with all my might, bearing down as hard as I could. After pushing really hard three times everyone in the room started to yell stop! Stop pushing! I thought something was wrong. The baby’s head was out. Her beautiful mystical blue eyes were fluttering like a butterflies wings. Soft, fine almost white, blonde hair and ivory fair skin was the first thing we saw of her. The doctor walked in the room all suited up and the pushing began again. After just a few more pushes our second baby girl was delivered. She was 8lbs even and 19 1/2in long. Valarey Joyce Hunter was born at 9:45p. m. on October 30th, 2001. She was the most beautiful and inestimable thing I had ever seen.

Stability Essays

Stability Essays Stability Essay Stability Essay Stable. Strong oxidizer contact with combustible material may cause fire. Incompatible with combustible materials, and strong reducing agents.ToxicologyHarmful if swallowed. May cause reproductive disorders.AimThe aim of this experiment is to determine the crystallisation temperature of the solution potassium nitrate at different concentrations and use information to find out the standard enthalpy of potassium nitrate.Equipment and reagents* Boiling tubes* Dark card* Bunsen burner* Thermometer* Weighing scale* Burette (50cm3)* Clamp* Stand* Potassium nitrate* Deionised water/ distilled waterSafety* Wear goggles for eye protection at all times.* Laboratory coats must be worn at all times.* Wear gloves to avoid chemical contact to skin, potassium nitrate.* Long hair was tied back when Bunsen burners were used.Procedure1. 10g of potassium nitrate were weighed out and placed into a boiling tube, and then the exact mass was noted in a result table.2. Exactly 8.0cm3 of deionised water was added to the boiling tube containing the potassium nitrate. This was done by using a burette.3. The tube was then heated gently until the crystals were dissolved and then the heat source was removed.4. The tubes were allowed to cool for safety reasons. The temperature at which the crystals were first appeared was noted. A dark card was used for this purpose. The results were recorded.5. A further 25cm3 of distilled water was added and steps 3-4 were repeated.6. A further 25cm3 of distilled water was added and steps 3-4 were repeated again.7. A further 25cm3 of distilled water was added and steps 3-4 were repeated again.In my own opinion I think the above procedure will be a suitable method as it will not take a lot of time to perform and also it is quite simple to carry out. However, it could be a bit imprecise as we have to watch and determine when the crystals of potassium nitrate forms and reforms, then try to read the temperature of the thermometer. This difficulty could result in a slight inaccurate measurements as valuable seconds are wasted between seeing the crystals reforming and reading the measurements on the thermometer, which means that the temperature would have increased further from when crystals first formed as the Bunsen burner would still be heating the boiling tube.Alternative methods1. compare my results with other class students or with txt books results:AdvantagesdisadvantagesThis would be an appropriate way to check if my results are rational. As if I had extremely different results to numerous other students, then It would be unlikely that all of them would be wrong.It is impossible to be 100% accurate in measuring temperature and reagents, therefore the results will differ slightly between students.2. Perform the experiment several times for each volume of water and take an average.AdvantagesdisadvantagesThis method would be a lot more precise.It would take too long to carry out3. Guess the crystallisation temperature.Advantagesdisad vantagesFor this method there wouldnt be any calculations other than for the enthalpy, therefore this method would be straightforward.This would be very inaccurate.I think my method didnt need to be altered in any way to adapt to the experiment because the method I used went easily.ResultsVolume of watercnR.In cnCrystallisation temperatureReciprocal of absolute temperature 1/T(cm3)(mol dm3)(R = 8.31 Jmol-1 K-1)( 0C) T(K)(K-1)8.012.3620.9062 3352.98 x 10-310.89.8919.0456 3293.04 x 10-312.08.2417.5347 3203.13 x 10-314.07.0616.2442 3153.17 x 10-3Table of values for the line of best fit.R.ln SReciprocal of absolute temperature 1/T(R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1)(K-1)Y 1 and X121.350.00290Y 2 and X215.000.003255The estimation of S (the intercept) was noted from these pairs of values.If Y 1 = mX 1 + c and Y 2 = mX2 + cThen (Y 1 c) / X1 =( Y 2 c ) / X 2X2Y1 X2c = X1y2 X1cc = (X2Y1 X1Y2) / (X2 X1)The gradient, m = (Y1 Y2) / (X1 X2)The expression gradient = H was used to find H, the enthalpy of solution of potassium nitrate.Intercept = S = 73.2 J mol-1 K-1Gradient = H = 17.9 K j mol-1By comparing the values I obtained from my results to those of the line of best fit I was able to estimate the SD of the values I had calculated for S and H the following table shows the results.R.in cn1/T values (a)1/T values calculated from best fit line (b)Difference for each 1/T value, as a fraction of the best fit value.(a-b)/bDifference2(R = 8.21 Jmol-1 K-1)K-1K-120.900.002980.0029250.01883.5344 x10-419.040.003040.003033.300 x10-31.089 x10-517.530.003130.0031135.461 x10-32.9822521 x10-516.240.003190.00319-6.2696 x10-33.93 x10-5CalculationsMolar mass (KNO) =K= 39N= 14O= 3 X16= 39 + 14 + 48= 101.11gNumber of moles :Amount = mass = 10.00 = 0.0989 mol dm-3Molar mass 101.11Concentration:Concentration = amountVolume(a) 8 cm3 : C = 0.0989 = 12.36 mol dm-38/1000(b) 10 cm3 : C = 0.0989 = 9.89 mol dm-310/1000(c) 12 cm3 : C = 0.0989 = 8.24 mol dm-312/1000(d) 14 cm3 : C = 0.0989 = 7.06 mol dm-314 /1000R.In cn:(a) 12.36 mol dm-3 : ln (12.36) = 2.514= R X ln (concentration)=8.31 x 2.51=20.90(b) 9.89 mol dm-3 : ln (9.89) = 2.2915= R X ln (concentration)=8.31 x 2.29=19.04(c) 8.24 mol dm-3 : ln (8.24) = 2.1090= R X ln (concentration)=8.31 x 2.11=17.53(d) 7.06 mol dm-3 : ln (7.06) = 1.954= R X ln (concentration)=8.31 x 1.95=16.24Crystallisation temperature in KelvinK = (0C ) + 273(a) 620C : 62+ 273 = 335K(b) 560C : 56 + 273 = 329K(c) 470C : 47+ 273 = 320K(d) 420C : 42+ 273 = 315KReciprocal 1/T(a) 20.90 : 1/335 = 2.98 X 10-3(b) 19.04 : 1/329 = 3.04 X 10-3(c) 17.53 : 1/320 = 313 X 10-3(d) 16.24 : 1/315 = 317 X 10-3GradientY = mx + cm = (y2 y1)(x2 x1)m = 15.00 21.350.003255 0.00290m = -6.35 .3.55 x 10-4m = -17,887.32394 Kj mol= -17.89 Kj molH = 17.89 Kj molS = (0.003255 x 21.35 0.00290 x 15.00)(0.003255 0.00290)S = 0.06949425 0.04353.55 x 10-4S = 73.223= 73.2Differences for each 1/T valueD = a-b / b(1) D = 0.00298 0.002925 = 0.01880.02925(2) D = 0.00304 0.00303 = 3.300 x 10- 30.00303(3) D = 0.00313 0.003113 = 5.461 x 10-30.003113(4) D = 0.00317 0.00319 = -6.2696 x 10-30.00319Differences2(1) (0.0188)2 = 3.5344 x 10-4(2) (3.300 x 10-3)2 = 1.089 x 10-5(3) (5.461 x 10-3)2 = 2.9822521 x 10-5(4) (-6.2696 x 10-3)2 = 3.93 x 10-5? (difference) 2 = 4.33 x 10-4Standard deviationSD = V? (- X X) 2 = V 4.33 X 10-4 = 0.01n 4S : % error = 73.2 + 0.01% error = 0.01 x 100 = 0.01%H : % error = 17.9 + 0.01% error = 0.01 x100 = 0.06%17.9DiscussionOn the whole I believe that my experiment went quite well because everything was conducted according to plan. I discussed my experiment and my results with my lecture and were said to be reasonably accurate. I also believe that any inaccuracy in my results was due to inexperience and human error, when measurements of weight, temperature and volume were made. My final results were obtained using results from a line of best fit placed on my graph this could have also caused a slight of inaccuracy in my results. These results could have been imprecise as extremely small numbers were used which were difficult to plot correctly on the graph and I had estimated where the points were to be placed. Also I had to estimate where to place my line of best fit. Additionally the inaccuracy could have been due to the thermometer I used, as there was a small gap between seeing the crystal and recording the temperature. For this reason I couldnt be as accurate as I would have been liked to be as because you had to be very quick in reading the temperature which was constantly changing. Furthermore, it was quite difficult to distinguish between small particles that had formed and air bubbles in the solution. Plus, it was hard to actually say what amount of particles formed, was the right amount to take the solution off the heat source and note the results.In my own opinion I think that my method was a suitable one because it gave me accurate results and didnt take up too much time to proceed.ImprovementsThe improvements that could have been made to make my experiment more accurate are to be more careful in measuring reagents and also to use a more accurate thermometer. In addition, a larger scaled graph could have been used as results would have been plotted more accurately.Confidently in future I would be more experienced in carrying out the experiment and would be more precise at spotting the crystals when they form.Conclusion and % errorThermometer 0.10620 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 0.2%62560 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 0.2%56470 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 0.2%47420 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 0.2%42Average % error = 0.2%Burette 0.1cm38cm3 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 1.3%810cm3 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 1%1012cm3 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 0.8%1214cm3 : % error = 0.1 x 100 = 0.7%14Average % error = 1.3 + 1+ 0.8 +0.7 = 0.95%4Weighing scales + 0.01g% error = 0.01 x 100= 0.1% Show preview only

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Fast Food and Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast Food and Obesity - Essay Example Most of the obese people apart from overeating are found of eating fast foods as their daily meals. It is because of this that many researchers have been done to prove if there is any relationship between the eating habit of obese people and the their weight. Fast food restaurants have provided a cheap and efficient way that most people can take midday snuck without having to go back home and cook their meals. However closer research show that most of the people who mostly depend on fast food show a sign of being obese. This is because of the fatty nature of the foods that are found in the fast food restaurants and the way that the foods are prepared. Most of the foods that are found in fast food restaurants are also prepared faster so that they can increase the profits made in expense to the health of their customers. It is because of this that this in depth analysis was done to find out if there is any relationship between fast foods and obesity. Many researchers have shown that no rmal weight people who at one point of their lives decided to take a different turn in their eating habit and moved to fast foods due to any unavoidable circumstance later shown some increase in their general weight. Though other researchers have proved that some forms of obesity are genetic, most of the cases that are present in our times are mainly caused by the fast foods that most people take. To support the arguments in this paper, 10 different articles are reviewed to give support to the effects of fast food restaurants in the society. I hope to find the relationship between fast foods and the issue of overweight. I also hope to find a solution that can be used to reduce the obesity by good eating habit or even revive the people who have some effects on them. Isganaitis, E, and RH Lustig. "Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity."  Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 25.12 (2005): 2451- 62. Print. The authors of this anthropological article, â€Å"Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity," are Isganaitis and RH Lustig. In their attempt to convince Americans about the effects of fast food, they write a scholarly article. This scholarly article is mainly written to the general public to try and inform them about the dangers of fast foods. The main idea of this article is the effect of fast food on overweight people and how they can reverse this. The article mainly focuses on the obese people living in America and who are addicted to fast foods. This article is relevant to this topic as it describes the relationship between obesity and fast foods showing clearly that there is a significant relationship between obesity and fast foods. This article is very effective in convincing obese people on how to live a healthy life that would not be based on dependency on fast food. It is also effective in warning people who are not yet obese that the road to obesity is in the eating of fast foods ev ery day. In short it warns people against fast foods. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic : Report of a Who Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000. Print. This historical article â€Å"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic â€Å" is written by the world health organization in its attempt to warn Americans and the entire world about the effects