Public Health Policy in Australia

Public Health Policy in Australia Section 1 Healthy public policy is an denotative pertain for equity of health in all field of policy and for the benefit to impact in health. The importance of public health policy is to make a positive environment to enable people to lead healthy lives. Healthy public policy create a healthy choices possible for the citizens’ concerns. Public policy creates a physical and social environment of healthy lifestyle. As government sector pursuit of healthy public policy concerned with trade, education, agriculture, industry and communication require to take into account for the healthy consequences of their decisions in policy and these sectors should be answerable for the health consequences of their decisions in policy. The government should play an important role in healthy public policy for the economic consideration (1†¦.). According to the Catherine Althaus policies are theory about the world, some flourish while other shrivel up, the better designed the theory, the more tested its assumption’s, the greater the chance of success.(4..) The healthiness amends Quality of life, Productivity of workforce, Learning capacity, Strengthens of family and community. The government are responsible for making policy and allocate resources for the implemented policies, basically public policy can be defined as a system of law, course of action, regulatory measures and funding priorities regarding a given promulgated topic by a governmental representatives or entity.(3..) What is Health in All Policies (HiAP)? According to the definition of World Health Organization Health in All Policies (HiAp) is an approach path to public policies across sectors that consistently takes into account that the health decisions implications, synergies searches and destructive health impacts, avoidance in order to improve health and health equity of population. It also related to rights and obligations and improves accountability of impact in health policymakers at all levels of policymaking. The HiAP include a vehemence on the consequences of public policies on health systems, healthy wellbeing, and health determinants and contributes to sustainability of developments (2..). The HiAP approach are as follows; It ameliorates the public policy maker’s accountability for health impacts at all stages of policy making. It admits an emphasis on the effects of public policies on health systems, determinants of health and well-being. It contributes to sustainable development. Social determinants of health (SDH)is the core concept of HiAP in which health and wellbeing of the population is shaped. According to the definition of world health Organisation SDH is a conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age and theses circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, local and national levels(5†¦). For example transport, housing, education and the environment are some of the factors which affect health and wellbeing which lies outside of the main function of health systems and these are some of the broad changing areas in which most significant improvement in health and life expectancy over the 150 years and are not directly attributed to improvement in health care (6†¦). Health in all policy is a way of government working across to achieve better public policy results and simultaneously improve health of population and wellbeing consequences. A healthy population has positive impacts on economy, sustainability and productivity in which it benefit all sectors and society as a whole (6†¦.). How public policy are formed in Australia? In Australia the public policy is formulated not only by the influence of politicians but by contribution of many public servants and thousands of men and women who file the petition to parliament and ministers who join interest group, by media comment, union, corporation and community movements. The entire community is effected by public policy(4†¦.). The policy procedure are generally follow a logical system and that system seeks to structure the way problems are empathized and introduced, so that the decision makers can hear about the issues, understand options, learn of informed opinion, make choices, test their decision and evaluate their actions.(4..). Section 2 Issues are multi –sectorial and involve a range of interesting group Yes, according to the Food Security Policy it is clearly states about the multi sectorial issues which mostly affects Low income households such as sole parent, students English low proficiency peoples mainly newly migrants and refugees Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Northern suburbs householders People with mental illness or weak older adults who needed support for daily activities People with stress or who were homeless. HPP involves commerce, industry, voluntary, Organisation, community and government Yes, the Food Security Policy has been implemented with local government food security policy project which is funded by Victorian Department of Health. The main goal of this policy is to achieve to reduce the prevalence and impact of food insecurity. HPP involves the representation of: †¢ Northern Area Mental Health Service †¢ Neami Darebin †¢ Austin Health †¢ Northern Division of General Practice †¢ Spectrum Migrant Resource Centre †¢ Department of Health †¢ North East Primary Care Partnership †¢ Planning for a Healthier North †¢ Women’s Health in the North †¢ Mental Illness Fellowship of Victoria Darebin Community Health Darebin Council Community Health and Safety Officers **Table is created according to the information of â€Å"The Food Security Policy† data. Health risks are global and not confined to regional boundaries Yes, the Food security is a global issue which will affect the future food security due to the climate change and increasing the demand if food production resource were reduced worldwide. According to the 2014 repot around 805 million people that is one in nine of the world’s population were chronically undernourished. The vast majority of this issues in developing country. (7†¦)According to the city food security policy. Current global climate change will affect the global food insecurity and that will continue to grow the capacity to produce and distribute food undernourishment due to the changes in water scarcity, food producing land for production of bio fuels, degradation of lands and land lose due to urbanization due to these above factors will increase the demand for food as the grows of population. Simultaneously will impact the community and household level with increased food price, increased transportation price and utilities price as well. The above factors al so will influence the food that will be available with increased local product, more depends on seasonal products and low processed product such as meat, dairy and imported food items. Thus will mostly effect the average community household to manage due to its affordability and vulnerable to food insecurity(8†¦.). HPP aims should be educational and not persuasive This is a limited rational because the report only explains about the food security policy should focus to educate the following issues such as Daily intake of vegetable and fruit particularly for disadvantaged groups. Lack of knowledge and skills related to healthy cooking and eating habits. Lack of knowledge about the Australian food products and how to use and this effect mostly newly migrants who don’t speak English. Lack of motivation and cooking healthy meals on a daily basis. Action for HPP takes many forms lobby groups, local community action. Limited because according to the report the local government capacity is limited to address the determinants of food security which are complex and influenced by global environmental, economic and social factors that are related to skill and production of food. The state and federal leadership on this issue of food security has been minimal and slow issue. The local government are showing their leadership in the food security area slowly because of need in their local community. The HPP of the Food Security Policy has been designed to reflect areas of action where local government can play a role in addressing local food security issues through both broad systemic response and social welfare around local land use planning, environmental sustainability and transport. HPP is intrinsically a political activity. No, the HPP of City Food Security Policy is not a political activity. The policy of food security is formed due to the city council’s community planning, partnership and performance of department are carry importance for the co-ordination of Food Security Policy. The council are responsible for the implementation of particular aspects of the policy making. Policy Summery The main benefit of developing such food security policy is to recognize the local government limited capacity to explain the determinants of food security which are complex and determined by global environmental changes, social factors and economic that related to production and acquisition of food. The HPP of Darebin also admitted that local government carry an important role play for responding to undernourishment of food insecurity to their municipal setting and how they can improve by implementing such HPP in which HPP contributing for making local and regional food supplies for accessibility in the future. Section 3 Health is multiphase and no more defined in terms of disease and illness or according to the WHO definition of health Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†(†¦..), rather it is enlaced with social prevailing, economic, political and condition of environment where more food sustainability or access for land. According to Kaplan the major reason of disease and population suffering are rooted firmly in the social, behavioral and psychological world in which people grow, live and die are embedded in multiple factors of geographical, environmental, institutional and economic circumstances (9). The most responsibility for health inequities is due to the social determinates of health. When viewed through social health lens, the health inequities and public health opportunity which enables community health, planning and community priority circumstance is inconsistently used (10†¦). Health inequities is due to the social determinants of health within countries are influenced by political power, economically and socially unacceptable which is avoidable and unfair. The Health public policies made in all sectors can have profound effect on health of a population and health equity. The health of world is shaped by the demographic changes, climate change, globalization and urbanization. Some of the diseases disappear due to the living conditions improvement and in developing countries many poverty diseases is still present, this all factors will improve by implementing health public policy for the benefit of community and future development. In order to improve the population health and social determinants of health, Health in All policies is relevant method of public policy approach that accounts systematically into account, the decision implication in health and avoid harmful health impacts (11†¦). What are the major different between Health public policy and Health in All policy? Health public policy(HPP) Health in All Policy (HiAP) The redistribution of public policy income through : Pension provisions unemployment insurance child care (12†¦) giving opportunity to people to adopt healthy lifestyle; preventing people to adopt unhealthy lifestyle; and Creating healthy physical and social environments.(13..) The HiAP reflects the principles of legitimacy, accountability, Transparency (2..) Health implications of decisions, seeks synergies, Avoids harmful health impacts Improve population health and health equity. It access to information, participation, sustainability, and collaboration across sectors and levels of government (2..) *** Table is created according to the reference data given above. The benefit of Implication of Health policy is to plan, action and decision that are beneficial to achieve target society health care goals. Health policy outlines priorities and the expected roles of different groups and builds consensus and informs people (14..).For example the Food Security Policy distinguishes that local government is limited in its capacity to address all of the determinants of food security by implication of policy will improve the ongoing supply of nutritious and sustainable food available, and improving access to the available food supply, particularly for those who are most vulnerable to food insecurity (15..).The target group of this policy is Low income households ( sole person, sole parent and student ) English low proficiency people( new migrants and refugees ) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Northern suburbs Households People with a mental illness or disability (15†¦) The new public health approach will brings changes in environment and preventive measures with appropriate therapeutic interventions, especially to old age community and disabled persons. However the new public health will recognizes the health lifestyle problems and Underlying health lifestyle problems are concrete issues of local and national public policy and require to address issues by variety of Health Public Policies and the policies in all sectors will support the Health promotion. (16..)

Importance of Education Essay

Education is the word which has the origin of latin. The original word is Educare (In Latin) which means to bring up. Education helps one to shape his/her future and It moulds the personality of an individual. Now a day’s people think that education would help them in their money making purposes. Definitely it is false view. Each one of us have different medium and of different cultural norms. However everybody is united through EDUCATION. It is quite very clear that, it mould a personal to put his knowledge in more useful things. There are many reasons Why Education is More Important? But the main basic reasons where education is more important is, It train up human minds which is incomplete without education. It shows the right path, think right and to make decisions in right time. Only throught the attainment of education, man is able to received information from his society, they are able to acquaint themself with past history. Education helps the human being in every aspects of their life. With good education of this generation government takes care in the progress in developing the country. The central and State government have announced many schemes for the children’s education, every child should receive their primary education. Now education is viewed as a vital key to success in life, and knowledge has become every individual’s aim or concern. The Eminent Scholars think that only through education one can make the country flourished. Even now many poor people believe that they can earn more by sending their wards to work. On the other hand it is a great blender. They couldn’t give basic education to their wards. Even though we have improved our literacy rate, there is a existence of uneducated persons. Every learned citizens of the country should ensure the education of the fellow citizen. We can say that a person will not be in proper sense when he is uneducated. Education is the need of an hour. It the one of the important things which differentiates the human being from the other creatures. It makes the uncivilized as civilized in their society. It brings more precisely, the perceived goal to make the individual better in the society.

Wall Street Pushed America into World War I - 2690 Words

World War I: A War for Wall Street At the end of the 19th and into the beginning of the 20th century, Wall Street was gaining momentum as its influence expanded from commercial business into political affairs. The economy rapidly shifted from an agricultural to an industrial market, opening up opportunities for the United States to rise to the ranks of a world power. With the creation of an industrial market came the increase of wealthy owners with the funds to control an economy. These wealthy men would use their money to control the United States economy, helping with many economic crises that would come in the near future and placing themselves in the political scene of the United States. Wall Street was booming as a result of the new capitalistic culture and government did little to obstruct the growing businesses. Monopolies were formed, and exploitation of labor was a regular occurrence, but Wall Street had the influence to do what they desired. They exercised this power to push the United States into World War I. Wall Street loaned the Allies billions of dollars and needed the Allies to win the war. Thus, when President Woodrow Wilson was faced with the decision of whether or not to enter to war to support the Allied cause, the large business owners, particularly, J.P. Morgan, joined the debate both directly and indirectly, using their influence to sway the decision. Wall Street needed the Allies to win the war, and influenced United States’ entrance into WorldShow MoreRelatedTerrorism Is A Modern Political And Economic Topic On America1376 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism has become a modern political and economic topic in America. It is the existence of Terrorists attacks in America that has changed the way people travels both domestic and foreign and also now viewed as an issue and conflicts that exist within the nation’s borders and domestically (Shemella, 373 ). 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There was smoke, dust, and debris everywhere. Two jet airplanes, hijacked by religious terrorists, crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and blowup.

Analysis Blind By The Transport Accident Commission

A. Describe the various strategies used to communicate the message of both campaigns (include the slogans, graphics, statistics, media used). (10 marks) 1 ½ page There has been numerous campaigns to raise awareness and reduce accidents and fatalities, including ‘Blind’ by TAC (Transport Accident Commission), ‘Get Your Hand Off It’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety,‘Don’t trust your tired self’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety and ‘Stop Revive Survive’ by NSW Centre for Road Safety which identify and attempt to prevent Driver Distraction and Driver Fatigue. ‘Blind’ by the Transport Accident Commission is a renown campaign established in 2013 which utilises a short but effective 45 second commercial and website to clearly illustrate the†¦show more content†¦However, as soon as he raises his head, there are three cyclists in front of his vehicle, he swerves right instantly, dodging the cyclists narrowly and the camera pans to his strained face. His phone later sounds with a notification (another common modern distraction for many drivers) and he instinctively peeks at the device. The screen turns black again and a grave sounding voice-over narrates that if the driver is distracted for simply two seconds at 50 kilometres per hour, they’ll travel 27 metres blind. When the driver shifts his focus to the road again, there is a schoolgirl alighting from a school bus and there is insufficient time to brake, the car skids forward, the driver hits the child as she screams and he stares in shock. It ends with the slogan ‘distraction leads to disaster’ to reinforce the idea that an interference with a driver’s attention or line of sight will result in consequences such as car crashes or injury. the TAC icon and State Government Victoria icon also appear on the black and white screen as sponsors. The website states that ‘the average person’s reaction time to an event is 1.8 seconds’ which directly impacts the severity of their injury and possibility of an accident. It takes approximately four seconds before a distracted driver can react. There is a clear table to display the distance travelled by a driver at varied speeds of 2 seconds. The lowest speed identified in the table being 40 kilometres per hour

Critical Analysis of Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay...

William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a comedy, first published in 1623. Love is a key aspect of Shakespeare’s comedies in which self-identity is found through the development of love from infatuation to acknowledgement of character. Orsino is the epitome of Shakespeare’s transformation of self. In the beginning of the play, Orsino is self-absorbed and head-over-heels for Olivia. In this stage of love we see Orsino’s infatuation and selfishness in his feelings of love. As the play moves on, Viola comes into Orsino’s life and we see glimpses of Orsino’s understanding of what love is and how a person should feel with love. By the end of the play, Orsino realizes his self worth through his love for Olivia and how love really feels to care†¦show more content†¦Tell her my love, more noble than the world,... ‘tis that miracle and queen of gems That nature pranks her in attracts my soul (2.4, 81-87). In this quote, Orsino clearly states that Olivia is cruel to him, yet his love for her is because of her beauty. When Viola comes into Orsino’s life, we can begin to see a small shift in Orsino’s thoughts of love as Viola tells him her views. Orsino fully trusts Viola/Cesario as he tells her to go to Olivia and pursue her for him. Orsino states, â€Å"I have unclasped/To thee the book even of my secret soul† (1.4, 13-14), showing the reader that they have a close bond and trust between the two of them. When Orsino says, â€Å"Make no compare/Between that love a woman can bear me/And that I owe Olivia† (2.4, 102-104), Viola contradicts him and states, â€Å"In faith, they are as true of heart as we† (2.4, 107). Though Orsino doesn’t reply, it seems that Orsino believes Viola. There’s also a glimpse, almost a foreshadowing, of Orsino’s realization that Cesario is Viola when he states, â€Å"Is not more smooth and rubious; thy sma ll pipe/Is as the maiden’s organ, shrill and sound,/And all is semblative a woman’s part† (1.4, 32-34). In Act five, Orsino finds himself, his realization of true love comes out as he realizes Cesario is Viola, a woman, and they are a perfect match together. In the beginning of act five, it seems that the conversation between Feste and Orsino foreshadows Orsino’s realization. When Feste states that friends aren’tShow MoreRelatedThemes Of Social Mobility Through Marriage1655 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper critically analyses the theme of social mobility through marriage in Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’. In addition, the paper highlights how different characters in the play got into higher social classes or desired to be in higher social classes through marriage. 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(RJ Prologue, 6) By contrast, in Twelfth Night the characters are soRead MoreEssay about Shakespeares Twelfth Night1780 Words   |  8 Pages Shakespeares Twelfth Night A study of William Shakespeares Twelfth Night, showing how Shakespeares choice of form, structure and language shape meaning Wit, andt be thy will, put me into good fooling! Those wits that think they have thee do very oft prove fools; and I that am sure I lack thee may pass for a wise man. For what says Quinapalus? Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. Shakespeares plays were written to be performed to an audience from different social classes andRead MoreShakespeare s Twelfth Night ( C. 1600-01 )2907 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Twelfth Night (c. 1600-01) is a complicated play which deals with the nature of love, gender role and the intricate comic and tragic experiences of love. The characters have multiple layers of gender roles and sexual attractions which makes the issue of gender identity more complex. For example, Viola, the heroine of the play is dressed as a male, Cesario, throughout most of the play. As a male, Viola woos Olivia for Orsino, resulting in Olivia falling in love with Viola-as-Cesario.Read MoreWisdom in Twelfth Night Essay2738 Words   |  11 PagesBeyond Seriousness to Wisdom in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare seems preoccupied with madness and folly in Twelfth Night. The word fool and its variants (foolery, foolish, and so forth) appear eighty times in the play, and the word folly occurs seven times. There are, in addition, other means of indicating foolishness such as Marias Now, sir, thought is free (1.3.67). As Feste suggests, Foolery ... does walk about the orb like the sun; it shines everywhere (3.1.39-40). Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1967 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Twelfth Night† or â€Å"What You Will† was written around 1601-1602 with the primary performance being in February 1602. 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Reflective Paper #2 Free Essays

Sammi Hintze Dr. Hawthorne October 20, 2012 Core 1 Reflective Paper #2 â€Å"I don’t know when they first had feeds. Like maybe, fifty or a hundred years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Paper #2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before that, they had to use their hands and their eyes. Computers were all outside the body. They carried them around outside of them, in their hands, like if you carried your lungs in a briefcase and opened it to breathe† (47). Its crazy to think that to the characters in Feed think our life is so complex, when really we have more technology than we need. People survived life without cellphones, computers, and even electricity, and now our world is becoming ultra-dependent on these things. After reading the book Feed, various arguments can be made about whether today’s society will turn into the world Feed predicts, and be technology dependent. Is our world going to turn into the society that is depicted in Feed? Life is being controlled by technology, and hardly anybody can go a day without technology, and wanting to be a part of it with new technology products coming out like Project Glass. It is hard to not believe that our world is going to turn completely technology dependent, like the one in Feed. In the past, you had to send a letter in the mail you travel to see them to communicate with someone; if you wanted to talk to someone, you would have to put the effort into it and take the time to write them and wait for a response back. Then with technology advancing, the telephone was made and you could call someone to talk to them instead of writing a letter and waiting for the person to respond. Technology kept advancing, and now in today’s society, we hardly talk on the phone; we text instead, which is quick, easy, and effortless. This is what technology has done to human beings as a whole. It has brought wonderful advancements, yet at the same time, technology has been a curse and changed the way we view each other. No one really communicates with each other now; only through texting do we talk. This is lowering our communication skills with people and making us more and more dependent on technology, and most people do not realize that. It’s scary to wonder what is going to happen in the future. In Feed, the characters will be sitting right next to each other, and instead of talking to each other, they will talk to each other through the chat that goes through their Feed. This is deteriorating people’s communication and personal skills. I am scared that this is what our society is slowly becoming; we already have some of the characteristics and portray some of actions that the characters do in the book. Our society is so dependent on technology that most people don’t even use libraries anymore. When people need to do research for their papers, the first line of thought is to search Google. If we don’t find what we want on Google, we try another online search engine. Our last resort is to look at a library for a book or use an encyclopedia. Having the Internet in the palm of our hands is causing more and more people to become lazy and not as smart and advanced as they could become. Now even to read books we are using technology. In today’s society, more people are reading books online rather than going to the library to rent them or even purchasing them. Is the future ahead of us going to be all-online? This is a scary thought that runs through my head all the time. I don’t want to be dependent on all technology. That is only going to hurt us, and we will never learn new things. Technology has given us a great number of benefits, but there is a cost. By giving technology the opportunity to run the show, we’ve lost sight of how to perform these tasks on our own. When a computer system goes down, society is halted until that system is up and running again. Technology is here to stay, but it will only control us as much as we allow it. Currently, it seems we are content to allow it to run the show, and as a result, we’ve become very much dependent on technology to the point where, yes, we are controlled. We do have the power to live upon our own free manual and gadget-free will, but we choose not to. Google has come out with a new product called Project Glass. This directly correlates to what the Feed is. Project Glass is a research and development program developed in the form of glasses that show a display in front of you. Project Glass displays information in a smartphone-like format. Project Glass is also like the hands-free life and could interact with the Internet with natural language, voice commands. Since technology has advanced so much, these Glasses would be like wearing a computer. People are not going to benefit at all from these glasses; it is only going to make people more dependent on technology and less dependent on their brains and learning. To summarize, when all is said and done, technology rules the roost in today’s society. Technology has brought us wonderful innovations and helped us enormously, but as each year passes into another, more and more we, as human beings, rely on technology. Society today is controlled by technology to such an extent that we would find it virtually impossible to live without it. How to cite Reflective Paper #2, Essays

Temperament Parenting On Human Development -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Temperament Parenting On Human Development? Answer: Introducation Human development involves different age related changes in different stages from birth until death. The aim of the assignment is to explore this wide area of interest. The main stages in the human resource development includes prenatal development, infancy, childhood (early and middle), adolescent, adult (early, middle, and late) and old age (death and dying). At each stage a person, gain a capability to survive in life, to thrive, mature and become more competent (Feldman, 2016). Each stage of the development is necessary to understand as these changes takes place beyond the physical realm ad determine the cognitive and social capabilities. In this assignment, the focus is on mainly on the cognitive and social development of children. The essay highlights the factors influencing this development in children. Different aspects related to brain is considered as cognitive development including information processing, perceptual skill, language learning and other brain development aspects. These aspects are important to increase the well being of children and help them grow as competent adult (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). Jean Piagets cognitive developmental theory explained four stages of cognitive development. In the first stage called sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), a child collects the sensory data such as touch, smell, hearing, learning and learns the body movements. In the second stage or pre-operational stage (2-5 years), a child gains capability to think about objects symbolically and thinking remains egocentric. With memory, use of matured language, use of symbols the increase in intelligence is demonstrated at this stage. In the concrete operational stage, for 7-11 years, a child is capable of logical thinking and demonstrates reversible mental actions. A child at this age is capable of systematic manipulation of symbols related to objects. The formal operational stage beginning from 11 years onwards increases the capability in children to learn abstract concepts such love and engage in hypothesis testing (Modgil et al., 2013). Since Jack is 3 years old, he belongs to pre-operational stage. Social development refers to learning of social and emotional skills. It occurs across the lifespan and particularly gives attention to childhood and adolescence. This, development is essential to gain capability of establishing positive relationship with society (with family, friends, and relatives). Social development according to Erikson involves eight stages (Serafica, 2015). This eight stages starts from birth and continues until 18 years. At each stage there are different psychological crisis faced by the child. The stages and crisis at each stage are infant-18 months (trust vs. mistrust), 18 months-3 years (autonomy vs. Shame), 3-5 years (initiative vs. Guilt), 5-13 years (industry vs. Inferiority), 13-21 years (identity vs. role confusion), 21-39 years (intimacy vs. isolation), 40-65 years (generativity vs stagnation), lastly 65, and older (Ego integrity vs. despair) (McAdams Zapata-Gietl, 2015). Since Jack is three years old, the essay focuses on the second stage of develop ment, which is autonomy vs. Shame. At this stage, children learn new concepts and feel guilt or shame on failure to demonstrate the ability. These activities may include self care habits such as eating or demonstrate emotional skills such as determination to win in game. These skills are to be applied in real life (Overton, 2013). In the given case study, Jack is 3 years old child, thus he belongs to pre-operational stage. The normative cognitive development in children of this age is evident from rapid learning process. Language development and expression of interest symbolically is evident. For example a child may be quick in catching words such as papa or grandpa or the child may express interest in toys. Children may construct sentences of 250-500 words. This is the first step to thinking development. On the contrary, Jack shows non-normative development. He is only able to babble and speak one or two words. However, he may show other normative activities such as recognise himself in mirror (Bjorklund Causey, 2017). The normative social development at this age includes intention to perform daily activities of life independently. For example, dressing or toilet training. Taking assistance or relying on others may cause feeling of shame and psychological crisis. Jack in the case study has poor toilet traini ng, which is the sign of non-normative development. Other normative social development activities that he may demonstrate are taking turns in games or understand sharing of toys (Overton, 2013). Cognitive and social development is influenced by several factors. Two of the main factors are biological and environmental. Biological factors can be intelligence, sense organs or hereditary factors. Children can learn concepts quickly if they can collect stimuli, for which they need to have good sense organs. Children cannot attain full mental capacities if they have low intelligence, which may also be the factor for Jack, influencing his cognitive development (Brown Lan, 2013). Dual language can be other barrier causing speech delay in children. If the mother tongue and the language spoken in school or preschool is different, it can cause delay in speech development (Barac et al., 2014). Environmental factors such as parental support and learning opportunities in environment control the social and cognitive development. Parents can help a child get better cognitive capacity, by helping them to understand the environmental stimuli. By spending more time with parents and friends, c hildren becomes expressive and learn social and emotional skills faster. Poor maternal support and attachment can lead to worry elaboration (Grist Field, 2012). It can alter the temperament of children and ultimately the human development (Hong Park, 2012). Applying the cognitive development theory, delay in speech at this age is the non-normative development in Jack. Vanessa may need to consult physician to check if Jacks sense organs function normally. Jacks delay in speech development can also be due to low intelligence. Applying the social cognitive development theory, the poor toilet training is the non-normative development. In his case, parental and family support is lacking. Vanessa being working mother spends less time with Jack. He may not be getting enough learning opportunities that may delay his speech. At the day care centre, the caregiver may not have established strong relationship with the Jack. Childrens early development is also dependent on Familyschool connectedness (Serpell Mashburn, 2012). This may have hampered social and emotional skills. It may have hampered, his temperament and toilet training (Schoenmaker et al., 2015). Due to poor maternal support and interference, Jack may be lacking the virtue called will . These are the predictors of adaptive and social development in children with and without developmental delays (Green et al., 2014). Vanessa must modify Jacks learning environment. She can improve his psychosocial development. By increasing maternal support, play and learning opportunities can be increased. It will improve the mother-infant communication and attachment (Beebe Steele, 2013). The social and cognitive developmental theories are essential for nursing and midwife practice. Child and family health nurse can design appropriate interventions for Jack by recognising the factors causing his speech delay and poor toilet training. The nurse can modify the learning environment for Jack by increasing play opportunities and interaction with peers. Nurse can educate Vanessa about factors that can influence the cognitive and social development in children so that she can invest time for Jack. It will help the nurse to identify the abnormalities in child at an early stage (Bierman et al., 2014). The essay was helpful in understanding the human development across lifespan. Various biological and environmental factors influence the social and cognitive development in child. The theories explored in this regard are helpful for nursing practice. Nurses can maximise the wellbeing of child by using these concepts and improve emotional and social skills of children. References Barac, R., marketing, E., Castro, D. C., Sanchez, M. (2014). The cognitive development of young dual language learners: A critical review.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,29(4), 699-714. Beebe, B., Steele, M. (2013). How does microanalysis of motherinfant communication inform maternal sensitivity and infant attachment?. Management human development,15(5-6), 583-602. Bierman, K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Nix, R. L., Welsh, J. A., Gest, S. D. (2014). Integrating evidence-based preschool programs to support social-emotional and cognitive development.Promoting school readiness and early learning: Implications of developmental research for practice, 231-252. Bjorklund, D. F., Causey, K. B. (2017).Children's thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences. SAGE Publications. Brown, C. P., Lan, Y. C. (2013). The influence of developmentally appropriate practice on childrens cognitive development: A qualitative metasynthesis.Teachers College Record,115(12), 1-36. Feldman, R. S. (2016).Development across the life span. Pearson. Green, S., Caplan, B., Baker, B. (2014). Maternal supportive and interfering control as predictors of adaptive and social development in children with and without developmental delays.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,58(8), 691-703. Grist, R. M., Field, A. P. (2012). The mediating effect of cognitive development on children's worry elaboration.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry,43(2), 801-807. Hong, Y. R., Park, J. S. (2012). Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development.Korean journal of pediatrics,55(12), 449-454. McAdams, D. P., Zapata-Gietl, C. (2015). Three strands of identity development across the human life course: Reading Erik Erikson in full.The Oxford handbook of identity development, 81-94. Modgil, S., Modgil, C., Brown, G. (Eds.). (2013).Jean Piaget. Routledge.